Ikirangantego ni igikoresho cya siyansi, gikoreshwa mu gusesengura imirasire ya electromagnetic imirasire, irashobora kwerekana imirasire yimirasire nkikigereranyo cyerekana ikwirakwizwa ryurumuri rwerekeranye nuburebure bwumuraba (y-axis nuburemere, x-axis nuburebure bwumuraba / inshuro z'umucyo).Umucyo uratandukanye muburebure bwumurambararo wacyo imbere ya spekrometero ukoresheje ibice bitandukanya ibiti, ubusanzwe bikaba ari ibintu byoroshye cyangwa ibishishwa bitandukanya Ishusho 1.
Igishushanyo 1 Icyerekezo cyamatara nizuba ryizuba (ibumoso), ihame ryo kugabana ibiti byo gusya na prism (iburyo)
Spectrometero igira uruhare runini mugupima imirasire yagutse ya optique, haba mugusuzuma mu buryo butaziguye ibyuka bihumanya bituruka ku mucyo cyangwa mu gusesengura ibyerekanwa, kwinjiza, kwanduza, cyangwa gukwirakwiza urumuri nyuma yo gukorana n’ibikoresho.Nyuma yumucyo nibintu, imikoreshereze yibintu ihinduka mugihe runaka cyangwa uburebure bwihariye bwumurongo, kandi imiterere yibintu irashobora gusesengurwa muburyo bwiza cyangwa mubwinshi ukurikije ihinduka ryibihe, nkibisesengura ryibinyabuzima na shimi bya ibigize hamwe nubunini bwamaraso nibisubizo bitazwi, hamwe nisesengura rya molekile, imiterere ya atome hamwe nibintu bigize ibikoresho Ishusho 2.
Igishushanyo cya 2 Infrared absorption spectra yubwoko butandukanye bwamavuta
Ubusanzwe byavumbuwe mubushakashatsi bwa fiziki, astronomie, chimie, spekrometero ubu nimwe mubikoresho byingenzi mubice byinshi nkubuhanga bwimiti, isesengura ryibikoresho, siyanse yubumenyi bwikirere, kwisuzumisha kwa muganga, hamwe na bio-sensing.Mu kinyejana cya 17, Isaac Newton yashoboye kugabanya urumuri mumurongo uhoraho wamabara anyuza urumuri rwumucyo wera binyuze muri prism kandi yakoresheje ijambo "Spectrum" kunshuro yambere asobanura ibisubizo Ishusho 3.
Igishushanyo cya 3 Isaac Newton yiga urumuri rw'izuba hamwe na prism.
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19, umuhanga mu Budage witwa Joseph von Fraunhofer (Franchofer), afatanije na prism, uduce duto duto na telesikopi, yakoze spekrometrike ifite ubusobanuro bwuzuye kandi bwuzuye, bwakoreshejwe mu gusesengura imiterere y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere Ishusho ya 4. He byagaragaye ku nshuro ya mbere ko ibara ryizuba ryamabara arindwi ridakomeza, ariko rifite umurongo wijimye (imirongo irenga 600 yihariye), uzi nkumurongo uzwi cyane "Frankenhofer".Yavuze amazina atandukanye muri iyi mirongo A, B, C… H kandi yabaze imirongo igera kuri 574 hagati ya B na H ihuye no kwinjiza ibintu bitandukanye ku zuba ry’izuba Igicapo 5. Muri icyo gihe, Fraunhofer na we yari ubanza gukoresha itandukanyirizo kugirango ubone umurongo werekana no kubara uburebure bwumurongo wumurongo.
Igishushanyo 4. Ikirangantego cyambere, kireba hamwe numuntu
Igishushanyo cya 5 Fraun Whaffe umurongo (umurongo wijimye muri lente)
Igishushanyo cya 6 Imirasire y'izuba, hamwe nigice kigufi gihuye n'umurongo wa Fraun Wolfel
Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 19, abahanga mu bya fiziki b'Abadage Kirchhoff na Bunsen, bakoranye muri kaminuza ya Heidelberg, ndetse n'igikoresho gishya cya Bunsen cyaka umuriro (icyotezo cya Bunsen) maze bakora isesengura rya mbere ryerekanwa ryerekana imirongo yihariye y’imiti itandukanye. (imyunyu) yamijagiye muri Bunsen burner flame fig.7. Batahuye isuzumabumenyi ryujuje ubuziranenge bakurikiranira hafi ibintu, maze mu 1860 basohora ivumburwa ryibintu umunani, maze bemeza ko ibyo bintu biri mubintu byinshi.Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byatumye hashyirwaho ishami ryingenzi rya chimie yisesengura ya spekitroscopi: isesengura rya spekitroscopique
Igishushanyo cya 7
Mu myaka ya za 20 z'ikinyejana cya 20, umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Ubuhinde CV Raman yakoresheje spekrometero kugira ngo avumbure ingaruka zo gukwirakwiza urumuri na molekile mu bisubizo kama.Yabonye ko urumuri rwabaye rwakwirakwijwe n'imbaraga nyinshi kandi zo hasi nyuma yo gukorana n'umucyo, nyuma bita Raman ukwirakwiza umutini 8. Guhindura ingufu z'umucyo biranga microstructure ya molekile, bityo Raman ikwirakwiza spekitroscopi ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho, ubuvuzi, imiti n'izindi nganda kugirango tumenye kandi dusesengure ubwoko bwa molekile n'imiterere y'ibintu.
Igishushanyo cya 8 Ingufu zihinduka nyuma yumucyo ukorana na molekile
Mu myaka ya za 30 yo mu kinyejana cya 20, umuhanga w’umunyamerika, Dr. Beckman, yabanje gutanga igitekerezo cyo gupima iyinjizwa ry’imitsi ya ultraviolet kuri buri burebure bw’umuraba kugira ngo ushushanye uburyo bwuzuye bwo kwinjiza ibintu, bityo hagaragazwe ubwoko n’imiti y’imiti ikemurwa.Ihererekanyabubasha ryurumuri rugizwe nurumuri rwumucyo, spekrometero, nicyitegererezo.Ibyinshi mubisubizo byubu hamwe nibisobanuro byerekanwe bishingiye kuri uku kwanduza ibintu.Hano, isoko yumucyo igabanijwe kurugero hanyuma prism cyangwa griting irasuzumwa kugirango ibone uburebure butandukanye bwishusho 9.
Igishushanyo.9 Ihame ryo Gutahura Absorbance -
Mu myaka ya za 40 yo mu kinyejana cya 20, havumbuwe icyerekezo cya mbere cyo gutahura ibintu, kandi ku nshuro ya mbere, imiyoboro ya Photomultiplier imiyoboro ya PMTs n’ibikoresho bya elegitoronike byasimbuye amaso gakondo y’umuntu cyangwa filime ifotora, yashoboraga gusoma mu buryo butaziguye ubukana bw’ikigereranyo ku burebure bw’umuraba. 10. Rero, spekrometrike nkigikoresho cya siyansi yatejwe imbere cyane muburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha, gupima ingano, no kwiyumvisha ibintu mugihe runaka.
Igishushanyo cya 10 Photomultiplier tube
Mu kinyejana cya 20 rwagati kugeza mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20, iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rya spekrometero ntirishobora gutandukanywa no guteza imbere ibikoresho bya semiconductor optoelectronic.Mu 1969, Willard Boyle na George Smith bo muri Bell Labs bahimbye CCD (Igikoresho cyashizwe hamwe), cyaje kunozwa no gutezimbere amashusho yakozwe na Michael F. Tompsett mu myaka ya za 70.Willard Boyle (ibumoso), George Smith yatsindiye uwatsindiye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel kubera ko bahimbye CCD (2009) yerekanye Ishusho ya 11. Mu 1980, Nobukazu Teranishi wo muri NEC mu Buyapani yahimbye fotodi ihamye, yazamuye cyane igipimo cy’urusaku rw’amashusho kandi imyanzuro.Nyuma, mu 1995, Eric Fossum wa NASA yahimbye icyuma cyerekana amashusho ya CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor), ikoresha ingufu nke inshuro 100 ugereranije n’ibyuma bisa na CCD kandi bifite igiciro gito cyo gukora.
Igishushanyo cya 11 Willard Boyle (ibumoso), George Smith na CCD yabo (1974)
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20, iterambere rikomeje kunozwa rya semiconductor optoelectronic chip gutunganya no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu nganda, cyane cyane hamwe no gukoresha umurongo wa CCD na CMOS muri sprometrometero Igicapo cya 12, birashoboka kubona ibintu byose byerekanwe mugihe kimwe.Igihe kirenze, spekrometrike yasanze ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byinshi, harimo ariko ntibigarukira gusa ku kumenya amabara / gupima, gusesengura uburebure bwa laser, hamwe na fluorescence spectroscopy, gutondekanya LED, gushushanya no kumurika ibikoresho, fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nibindi byinshi .
Igishushanyo cya 12
Mu kinyejana cya 21, igishushanyo mbonera nogukora muburyo butandukanye bwa spekrometrometeri yagiye ikura buhoro buhoro.Hamwe nogukenera gukenera kwerekanwa mubyiciro byose, iterambere rya spekrometrike ryihuse kandi ryihariye ryinganda.Usibye ibipimo ngenderwaho bisanzwe bya optique, inganda zitandukanye zahisemo ibisabwa ingano yubunini, imikorere ya software, interineti itumanaho, umuvuduko wo gusubiza, ituze, ndetse nigiciro cya spekrometrike, bigatuma iterambere rya spekrometero riba ryinshi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-28-2023